Metastatic endometrial cancer is a complex and advanced stage of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus before spreading to distant areas of the body such as the lungs, liver, bones, or brain. As the cancer progresses to stage 4, it often involves the bladder, bowel, lymph nodes, omentum, lungs, and other organs, making it difficult to treat.
While endometrial cancer has the potential to spread to various areas of the body, the lungs are found to be the most common site for metastasis. Other common sites include distant lymph nodes, the liver, bones, and the brain. However, it’s important to note that distant organ metastasis is rare, with rates varying for lung, liver, bone, and brain metastasis.
Symptoms of metastatic endometrial cancer may include atypical vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, feeling a mass in the pelvic area, unexplained weight loss, and symptoms specific to the affected organ such as shortness of breath, abdominal swelling, bone pain, or neurological symptoms. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes and quality of life.
Surgery is often the primary treatment for endometrial cancer, involving the removal of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and sometimes lymph nodes. In cases of metastatic endometrial cancer, surgery may not be sufficient, and additional treatments such as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted drugs, or immunotherapy may be necessary. Clinical trials offer opportunities to explore new treatment options.
The outlook for metastatic endometrial cancer varies based on factors such as the location of metastasis, the type of cancer, the overall health of the individual, and treatment response. Survival rates for endometrial cancer that has spread to distant areas like the lungs, liver, or bones have been reported at around 18.9%. However, ongoing research and advancements in treatments may lead to improved survival outcomes in the future.
The type of endometrial cancer, whether low-grade type 1 or high-grade type 2 with TP53 gene mutations, can significantly impact the spread and prognosis of the disease. While type 1 cancers tend to be less aggressive and have a favorable outlook, type 2 cancers grow more rapidly and are more likely to spread outside the uterus, leading to advanced stages of cancer.
Metastatic endometrial cancer presents complex challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Understanding the implications of metastasis, recognizing common symptoms, exploring treatment options, and monitoring the subtype of cancer are key steps in managing the disease effectively. By staying informed and proactive, individuals and healthcare professionals can work together to improve outcomes and quality of life for those affected by metastatic endometrial cancer.