A severe asthma attack is a life-threatening event that requires immediate medical attention. Unlike mild or moderate asthma attacks, severe attacks do not respond to quick-relief medications. Symptoms of a severe asthma attack can start off similarly to milder attacks, but then progressively worsen. Early signs may include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, severe coughing, and fatigue. As the attack worsens, additional symptoms like mental confusion, rapid pulse, discoloration of lips or nails, and extreme anxiety may occur.
It is crucial to seek emergency medical help if asthma symptoms do not improve after using quick-relief medications for about 10 minutes. A peak expiratory flow (PEF) test can be used to measure how well the lungs are functioning. A PEF score of 50% or lower indicates a severe asthma attack and requires immediate intervention. Severe asthma attacks can be triggered by various factors, including cold temperatures, dust mites, pollen, stress, smoke, and respiratory infections.
Doctors may perform tests such as chest X-rays, pulse oximetry, and PEF tests to assess the severity of the attack. Treatment for severe asthma attacks may include corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, bronchodilators to widen the airways, and medications like magnesium sulfate to aid in breathing. Oxygen therapy through nasal cannula or noninvasive devices may also be administered. In life-threatening cases, mechanical ventilation may be necessary.
While it is not possible to prevent asthma attacks entirely, knowing common triggers and avoiding them can help reduce the risk of experiencing severe attacks. Developing an asthma action plan with the help of a healthcare professional can provide guidance on managing asthma symptoms and preventing exacerbations. Prompt and appropriate treatment is essential in surviving a severe asthma attack, as untreated attacks can be fatal.
Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment of severe asthma attacks is imperative for individuals with asthma. Recognizing the signs of a severe attack, seeking immediate medical attention, and following a personalized asthma action plan can help manage asthma effectively and prevent life-threatening complications. By being proactive in managing asthma symptoms and adhering to treatment recommendations, individuals can reduce the risk of severe asthma attacks and improve their overall quality of life.