Non-seminoma testicular cancer is a type of germ cell tumor that makes up over 90% of testicular cancers. Germ cell tumors are those that originate from the cells that produce sperm. Within the category of germ cell tumors, there are two main types: seminomas and non-seminomas.
Subtypes of Non-Seminoma Testicular Cancer
There are several subtypes of non-seminoma testicular cancer, each with its own characteristics and behaviors. Embryonal carcinoma tumors resemble embryonic tissue and have the potential to grow rapidly and spread outside of the testicle. Yolk sac carcinoma tumors have cells that mimic the yolk sac in early embryos and are more common in children but respond well to chemotherapy. Choriocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive type of non-seminoma that can quickly spread to other parts of the body. Teratomas are tumors with cells that resemble the three layers of an embryo and can be divided into mature and immature forms.
Certain risk factors may increase the likelihood of developing non-seminoma testicular cancer, such as exposure to estrogen, certain pollutants, and specific occupations. Additionally, conditions like cryptorchidism, a family history of testicular cancer, and HIV infection can contribute to the risk. Symptoms of non-seminoma testicular cancer may include a painless lump or swelling in the testicles, dull or sudden pain in the testicles, and infertility due to issues with sperm production.
Diagnosing non-seminoma testicular cancer involves physical examinations, blood tests for tumor markers, ultrasound of the testicles, and CT scans to determine the extent of the cancer. The standard treatment for testicular cancer is surgery to remove the affected testicle, known as radical inguinal orchiectomy. Additional treatments may include lymph node removal and chemotherapy, which is highly effective for non-seminomas. However, treatments can have side effects and impact fertility.
The outlook for non-seminoma testicular cancer can vary depending on factors like tumor marker levels, the extent of cancer spread, and the specific subtype of the tumor. Overall, non-seminomas tend to be more aggressive and less responsive to treatment compared to seminomas. Understanding the different subtypes, potential treatments, and the importance of regular check-ups can help manage non-seminoma testicular cancer effectively.